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Steel: Armour Etched and Fluted

Armour is a surface before it is a defence. Plates were fluted to imitate pleated linen and to stiffen the steel, etched along every border so that the pattern read across a tournament field, blued, gilded and polished until the wearer threw light. These twelve harnesses and elements, made in Nuremberg, Augsburg, Milan and Graz between about 1475 and 1630, include a boy’s armour and a matched set for knight and horse.

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A Gothic backplate from the end of the fifteenth century, when crossbows and longbows had made full plate necessary and the knight was encased from head to foot.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1475–1500

Gothic Backplate

A Gothic backplate from the end of the fifteenth century, when crossbows and longbows had made full plate necessary and the knight was encased from head to foot.

3400 × 2671 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Germany, late 15th Century, maker unknown · c. 1475–1500
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.1613. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
3400 × 2671 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
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2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
A breastplate made in Nuremberg, one of the chief armour-producing cities, worn with a backplate that is now lost.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1540

Gothic Breastplate

A breastplate made in Nuremberg, one of the chief armour-producing cities, worn with a backplate that is now lost.

2710 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Germany, maker unknown · c. 1540
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.684. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2710 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
German armour of about 1510 in the Maximilian style, its flutes running with the shape of the plate. Most elements were made together; the lower legs include later restoration.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1510–15

Field Armor in Maximilian Style

German armour of about 1510 in the Maximilian style, its flutes running with the shape of the plate. Most elements were made together; the lower legs include later restoration.

2598 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Germany, possibly Augsburg, maker unknown · c. 1510–15
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.38. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2598 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
Fluted armour was striking in sunlight, the polished ripples throwing light as the wearer moved. The fluting may have begun as an imitation of pleated fabric and ended as a way of stiffening steel.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1525

Partial Suit of Armor in Maximilian Style

Fluted armour was striking in sunlight, the polished ripples throwing light as the wearer moved. The fluting may have begun as an imitation of pleated fabric and ended as a way of stiffening steel.

2391 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Germany, Nuremberg, maker unknown · c. 1525
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.1714. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2391 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
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2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
A close helmet, breastplate and backplate, with a fauld of plates extending below the chest. Partial suits were the practical purchase, assembled rather than made as a set.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1510–30

Elements from a Partial Suit of Armor

A close helmet, breastplate and backplate, with a fauld of plates extending below the chest. Partial suits were the practical purchase, assembled rather than made as a set.

2486 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Germany, maker unknown · c. 1510–30
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1923.1067. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2486 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
Elements from a suit made for a boy, decorated with etching, embossing and gilding. A child’s armour was commissioned as both protection and portrait.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1560 (some modern)

Left Arm Elements from a Boy's Armor (Lower Cannon, Couter, Rerebrace)

Elements from a suit made for a boy, decorated with etching, embossing and gilding. A child’s armour was commissioned as both protection and portrait.

3062 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Germany, Augsburg, maker unknown · c. 1560 (some modern)
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.708. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
3062 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
A full suit comprises more than a dozen pieces; this group includes a burgonet, gorget, pauldrons and breastplate, showing how a harness was assembled from parts.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1540–70

Elements from an Armor

A full suit comprises more than a dozen pieces; this group includes a burgonet, gorget, pauldrons and breastplate, showing how a harness was assembled from parts.

3400 × 1956 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Germany, maker unknown · c. 1540–70
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.1804. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
3400 × 1956 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
Pikemen formed the backbone of infantry into the English Civil Wars. Since muskets alone could not stop cavalry, companies of pikemen carried armour like this into the field.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1620–30

Pikeman’s Armor

Pikemen formed the backbone of infantry into the English Civil Wars. Since muskets alone could not stop cavalry, companies of pikemen carried armour like this into the field.

2455 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Netherlands, Dutch or Flemish, 17th century, maker unknown · c. 1620–30
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1923.1063. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2455 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
A matched armour for knight and horse, carrying the Völs-Colonna arms. From the twelfth century a charger was armoured as carefully as its rider, since the horse was both weapon and defence.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1575

Armor for Man and Horse with Völs-Colonna Arms

A matched armour for knight and horse, carrying the Völs-Colonna arms. From the twelfth century a charger was armoured as carefully as its rider, since the horse was both weapon and defence.

2267 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
North Italy, 16th century, maker unknown · c. 1575
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1964.88. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2267 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
A North Italian half-suit with etched bands along every border. Etching was the commonest way of decorating fine armour, cut through the surface and darkened so the pattern read at a distance.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1575

Half-Suit of Armor for the Field

A North Italian half-suit with etched bands along every border. Etching was the commonest way of decorating fine armour, cut through the surface and darkened so the pattern read at a distance.

2673 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
North Italy, Brescia (?), 16th century, maker unknown · c. 1575
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.1816. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2673 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
Half armour for the foot tournament, a contest distinct from the equestrian joust, etched and gilded. Tournament armour was decorated far beyond what the field required.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1590

Half Armor for the Foot Tournament

Half armour for the foot tournament, a contest distinct from the equestrian joust, etched and gilded. Tournament armour was decorated far beyond what the field required.

2796 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Pompeo della Cesa (Italian, active 1572–93) · c. 1590
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996.299. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2796 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate
The cuirassier was the heavy cavalryman of the late 1500s: pistols and sword, and full armour except for the lower legs. The steel was originally blued and is now black.

CC0 · Public domain · c. 1600–20

Cuirassier's Armor

The cuirassier was the heavy cavalryman of the late 1500s: pistols and sword, and full armour except for the lower legs. The steel was originally blued and is now black.

2505 × 3400 px · Unmodified source file

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Creator / date
Austria, Graz(?), early 17th century, maker unknown · c. 1600–20
Source credit
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.37. Open Access.
Rights designation
CC0 · Public domain ↗
Usage notes
Released by the Cleveland Museum of Art under CC0 1.0. Credit to the museum is encouraged; CC0 does not imply endorsement.
Original file
2505 × 3400 px · JPG · 0.0 MB
Source checked
2026-11-04 · editorial approval separate

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